Advancing Cyber Defence by Improved Communication of Recognized Cyber Threat Situations (ACDICOM)

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Mägerle, Sophia; Glöckler, Sandra; Wolf, Leandra & Schray, Julian [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 14019(9). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35017-7_18. Vis sammendrag

  AI-generated “deep fakes” is increasingly used by cybercriminals conducting targeted and tailored social engineering attacks, and for influencing public opinion. To raise awareness and efficiently train individuals in recogniz-ing deep fakes, understanding individual differences in the ability to recognize them is central. Previous research suggested a close relationship between politi-cal attitudes and top-down perceptual and cognitive processing styles. In this study, we investigate the impact of political attitudes and agreement with the political message content on individual deep fake recognition skills. 163 adults (72 females = 44.2%) judged a series of video clips with politicians’ statements across the political spectrum regarding their authenticity and their agreement with the message content. Half of the presented videos were fabricated via lip-sync technology. In addition to agreement with each statement made, global po-litical attitudes towards social and economic topics were assessed via the Social and Economic Conservatism Scale (SECS). There were robust negative associa-tions between participants’ general and social conservatism and their ability to recognize fabricated videos, especially when where there was agreement with the message content. Deep fakes watched on mobile phones and tablets were considerably less likely to be recognized compared to when watched on station-ary computers. This is the first study to investigate and establish the association between political attitudes and interindividual differences in deep fake recogni-tion. The study supports recently published research suggesting relationships between conservatism and perceived credibility of conspiracy theories and fake news in general. Implications for further research are discussed.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Kullman, Kaur; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Engel, Don & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). A 3D mixed reality visualization of network topology and activity results in better dyadic cyber team communication and cyber situational awareness. Frontiers in Big Data. ISSN 2624-909X. 6. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1042783. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Cyber defense decision-making during cyber threat situations is based on human-to-human communication aiming to establish a shared cyber situational awareness. Previous studies suggested that communication inefficiencies were among the biggest problems facing security operation center teams. There is a need for tools that allow for more efficient communication of cyber threat information between individuals both in education and during cyber threat situations. Methods: In the present study, we compared how the visual representation of network topology and traffic in 3D mixed reality vs. 2D affected team performance in a sample of cyber cadets (N = 22) cooperating in dyads. Performance outcomes included network topology recognition, cyber situational awareness, confidence in judgements, experienced communication demands, observed verbal communication, and forced choice decision-making. The study utilized network data from the NATO CCDCOE 2022 Locked Shields cyber defense exercise. Results: We found that participants using the 3D mixed reality visualization had better cyber situational awareness than participants in the 2D group. The 3D mixed reality group was generally more confident in their judgments except when performing worse than the 2D group on the topology recognition task (which favored the 2D condition). Participants in the 3D mixed reality group experienced less communication demands, and performed more verbal communication aimed at establishing a shared mental model and less communications discussing task resolution. Better communication was associated with better cyber situational awareness. There were no differences in decision-making between the groups. This could be due to cohort effects such as formal training or the modest sample size. Conclusion: This is the first study comparing the effect of 3D mixed reality and 2D visualizations of network topology on dyadic cyber team communication and cyber situational awareness. Using 3D mixed reality visualizations resulted in better cyber situational awareness and team communication. The experiment should be repeated in a larger and more diverse sample to determine its potential effect on decision-making.

• Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Cognitive agility for improved understanding and self-governance: a human-centric AI enabler . I Carayannis, Elias & Grigoroudis, Evangelos (Red.), Cover Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Entrepreneurship . Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781839106743. doi: https:/doi.org/10.4337/9781839106750.00019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a catalyst for innovation activity. This chapter looks at developers and entrepreneurs as key human actors forming a performance triad with the AI. Successful exploitation of AI capabilities in entrepreneurial contexts requires humans to successfully collaborate, prevent communication errors and maintain control over the AI. To achieve this, human enablers require cognitive agility. This skill is founded upon metacognition and relies on heightened domain cognisance and the ability to govern one’s own actions. These attributes can be trained through adaptive non-standards based forms of education. Failure to develop the necessary human factor attributes risks increasing the likelihood of compromising the triad and the catalytic effect of AI. Developing cognitive expertise can mitigate ethical issues, power imbalances, bias, and adversarial factors that present significant challenges to technological solutions.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Helgetun, Ivar & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Neurophysiological and emotional influences on team communication and metacognitive cyber situational awareness during a cyber engineering exercise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 16(1092056). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1092056. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Cyber operations unfold at superhuman speeds where cyber defense decisions are based on human-to-human communication aiming to achieve a shared cyber situational awareness. The recently proposed Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model suggests a three-phase metacognitive approach for successful communication of cyber situational awareness for good cyber defense decision-making. Successful OLB execution implies applying cognitive control to coordinate self-referential and externally directed cognitive processes. In the brain, this is dependent on the frontoparietal control network and its connectivity to the default mode network. Emotional reactions may increase default mode network activity and reduce attention allocation to analytical processes resulting in sub-optimal decision-making. Vagal tone is an indicator of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal node of the frontoparietal control network and is associated with functional connectivity between the frontoparietal control network and the default mode network. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess whether indicators of neural activity relevant to the processes outlined by the OLB model were related to outcomes hypothesized by the model. Methods: Cyber cadets (N = 36) enrolled in a 3-day cyber engineering exercise organized by the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy participated in the study. Differences in prospective metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, communication demands, and mood were compared between cyber cadets with high and low vagal tone. Vagal tone was measured at rest prior to the exercise. Affective states, communication demands, cyber situational awareness, and metacognitive accuracy were measured on each day of the exercise. Results: We found that cyber cadets with higher vagal tone had better metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, imposed fewer communication demands on their teams, and had more neutral moods compared to cyber cadets with lower vagal tone. Conclusion: These findings provide neuroergonomic support for the OLB model and suggest that it may be useful in education and training. Future studies should assess the effect of OLB-ing as an intervention on communication and performance.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Hoffmann, Lukas & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Gamification as a neuroergonomic approach to improving interpersonal situational awareness in cyber defense. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.988043. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In cyber threat situations, the establishment of a shared situational awareness as a basis for cyber defense decision-making results from adequate communication of a Recognized Cyber Picture (RCP). RCPs consist of actively selected information and have the goal of accurately presenting the severity and potential consequences of the situation. RCPs must be communicated between individuals, but also between organizations, and often from technical to non-/less technical personnel. The communication of RCPs is subject to many challenges that may affect the transfer of critical information between individuals. There are currently no common best practices for training communication for shared situational awareness among cyber defense personnel. The Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model is a pedagogic tool to improve communication between individuals during a cyber threat situation. According to the model, an individual must apply meta-cognitive awareness (O), perspective taking (L), and communication skills (B) to successfully communicate the RCP. Gamification (applying game elements to non-game contexts) has shown promise as an approach to learning. We propose a novel OLB-based Gamification design to improve dyadic communication for shared situational awareness among (technical and non-technical) individuals during a cyber threat situation. The design includes the Gamification elements of narrative, scoring, feedback, and judgment of self. The proposed concept contributes to the educational development of cyber operators from both military and civilian organizations responsible for defending and securing digital infrastructure. This is achieved by combining the elements of a novel communication model with Gamification in a context in urgent need for educational input.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Role of IT Background for Metacognitive Accuracy, Confidence and Overestimation of Deep Fake Recognition Skills. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13310, s. 103–119. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-05457-0_9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations: A Systematic Review. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13096. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_2.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13096, s. 3–20. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_1.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). The Influence of Team Workload Demands During a Cyber Defense Exercise on Team Performance. Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS). ISSN 1865-0929. 1499, s. 545–549. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90179-0_70. Vis sammendrag

  Research has shown that cyber defense is dependent on individual functioning as well as teamwork[1, 2]. Research has identified teamwork factors, such as communication and coordination, that increase performance [1, 3], while more supporting behaviours, i.e. emotional and team support, have shown to inhibit team performance [3, 4] but currently the understanding of impact workloads have on performance is still limited [4]. The study investigated the role of team workload demands on team performance (effectiveness, dissatisfaction). Methods Data was collected during the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy’s annual Cyber Defense Exercise. The Team Workload Questionnaire[5] was used as the independent variable to assess workload demands. The Teamwork component (communication, coordination, team performance monitoring) and Task-Team component (time-share, team emotion, team support) were used as predictors. For performance outcomes, two self-reported items were created, Team Effectiveness and Team Dissatisfaction, on a 10-point Likert scale (none-very). The study conformed to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services’ ethical guidelines. Participants gave their informed consent verbally and were informed that they could withdraw from participation at any time. Statistical analysis was done with JASP version .14.1[6]. Alpha levels were set to .05.   Results Teamwork demands (communication (β=.608), coordination (β =.224), team performance monitoring (β =-.149) could predict Team Effectiveness (R2=.632, F=5.16, p=.024). Task-team workload demands (team support (β =.328), team emotion (β=.878), time-share demands (β =-.196)) could predict Team Dissatisfaction (R2=.853, F=17.36, p<.001). Discussion This study investigated the influence of team workload demands on team performance. Results support the hypotheses. Teamwork demands could predict team effectiveness while Task-team demands could predict more negative aspects of team performance and the results are in line with previous research [3, 4, 7]. Future research in cyber security operations should incorporate team workload demands to assess performance. This research is funded by the Norwegian Research Council (#302941).

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Maennel, Kaie; Canham, Matthew & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). On the relationship between health sectors digitalization and sustainable health goals: A cyber security perspective. I Flahault, Antoine (Red.), Transitioning to Good Health and Well-Being. MDPI. ISSN 978-3-03897-864-0.

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• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2024). Mental motstandskraft. I Berrefjord, Vivi Ringnes & Lund, Mass Soldal (Red.), Cybermakt. En tverrfaglig innføring. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-05707-1. s. 334–352.
• Sund, Steinar Steinkopf & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Undersøkelse: IT-folk har lettere for å la seg lure av «deepfakes». [Internett]. digi.no. Vis sammendrag

  Selvsikkerhet og stor tro på egne ferdigheter når det gjelder å avsløre nettsvindel, viser seg å være en viktig risikofaktor. Paradoksalt nok er IT-folk mer utsatt for å bli lurt av nettsvindel enn andre, fordi de lett kan bli overmodige.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Mägerle, Sophia; Glöckler, Sandra; Wolf, Leandra & Schray, Julian [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Kullman, Kaur; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Engel, Don & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Neuroergonomics for Cybersecurity.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Bukauskas, Linas; Brilingaitė, Agnė & Maennel, Olaf Manuel (2023). Editorial: The human factor in cyber security education. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1277282.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Psychological Models Of Stress.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Mental Health in IT Security.
• Torgersen, Leanne; Whitaker, Rupert; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Significant Cyber Vulnerability to Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices. .
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Canham, Matthew; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2023). The Uncode System: A Neurocentric Systems Approach for Classifying the Goals and Methods of Cognitive Warfare .
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Situational awareness and Shared Mental Modelling .
• Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Cyber-situasjonsforståelse og sensemaking, fra teknisk via taktisk og operasjonelt til strategisk nivå.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Lapin, Kristina; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). The Role of Experience and Education in Resilience and Decision-Making in Cyber Threat Situations.
• Fredheim, Nina Skajaa & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2023). Humøret kan påvirke evnen til å håndtere et cyberangrep. [Internett]. hiof.no. Vis sammendrag

  Dårlig humør kan være smittsomt og er derfor upassende når vi skal samarbeide med andre. Det å være i for godt humør kan også være uheldig, dersom det påvirker hvor godt man evner å være analytisk i alvorlige situasjoner. Som for eksempel når man etterforsker et cyberangrep.

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Kullman, Kaur (2022). Perception and human-machine interactions in cybersecurity.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Cybersecurity and Health Care.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Cyber Situational Awareness: approaches and findings.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). RECYCIN Transatlantic Seminar: Human Factors in Cyber Security: Security Experts Performance in Cyber Security Domains .
• Knox, Benjamin James (2022). Cyber situasjonsforståelse og sensemaking, fra teknisk via taktisk til strategisk nivå. .
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Fredheim, Nina Skajaa (2022). Korte kampanjer for nettsikkerhet har liten eller ingen effekt. [Internett]. Forskning.no. Vis sammendrag

  Korte kampanjer for nettsikkerhet har liten eller ingen effekt. Og IT-personell er dårligere enn andre til å gjenkjenne nettangrep under slike kampanjer.

• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sawyer, Ben (2022). Cognitive Security: Human Vulnerabilities, Exploits, and TTPs.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & van Steen, Tommy (2022). Implementing Behavioural Science Perspectives for Improved Cybersecurity Awareness Education in Organisations.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Communication problems in SOC: DE/LT Workshop.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Neuroergonomic Approaches to Improving Cyber Situational Awareness During Cyber Threat Situations.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2022). Cybersecurity – Our New Normal.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). How Person-Situation Interactions Lead to Improved Cyber Situational Awareness. Vis sammendrag

  Human-Computer interaction is a modern-day extension of the person-situation interaction paradigm that has been the focus on behaviour sciences. Human behaviour in cyber security operations has been the focus of recent research due to the importance of the domain. Human behaviour aspects such as metacognition, situational awareness, and mental modelling in human-human interactions need to be better understood in human-computer interaction domains due to both micro- and macrocognitive aspects that can influence performance in cyber security operations. Personnel adapted to both micro- and macrocognitive aspects should be better prepared to both assess situations and communicate their recognized cyber picture to other critical personnel. This research assessed personal and situational aspects in cyber security training to identify factors that influence cyber security performance. Results show that personnel with better metacognitive judgements and used workload focused communication with other team members were better at recognizing the current cyber picture. These results can inform the development of educational approaches aimed at increasing cyber situational awareness and to better communicate recognized cyber pictures.

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). ACDICOM – University of Hawaii Workshop 24-25 February 2022 . Vis sammendrag

  The workshop was held online due to COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop had 28 participants from 9 different nationalities representing 12 different institutions across Europe (Germany, Norway, Estonia, Lithuania) and North America (Hawaii, Maryland, Oregon). The workshop was completed over two days (24-25th February 2022). The following presentations were given(abstracts attached): February 24, 2022 2100 - 2300 (CET; 10am-12pm HST) February 25, 2022 0800 - 1000 (CET; February 24, 2022, 9pm-11pm HST) 2100 - 2125 Torvald 0800 - 0825 Tiril 2125 - 2150 Muzamil 0825 - 0850 Ausrius 2150 - 2215 Laura 0850 - 0915 Matt 2215 - 2240 Sean 0915 - 0940 Agne & Linas 2240 - 2300 Kaur 0940 - 1000 Ric The workshop produced synergies among the members. For example, Dr. Alicia Takaoka, a recent graduate of the CIS program at UHM was hired as a postdoc position working under Professor Letizia Jaccheri in the Department of Computer Science at NTNU in Trondheim. Dr. Ricardo Lugo also presented at the Communication and Information Sciences Interdisciplinary PhD Program at the University of Hawaii-Manoa (March 28th, 2022). Workshop member also started the Cognitive Security Instiute (https://www.cognitivesecurity.institute/), established educational workshops, and research collaborations. The workshop presentations can be viewed on the ACDICOM website at: https://www.hiof.no/hvo/vlo/english/research/projects/acdicom/

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Helgetun, Ivar & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Neurophysiological and Emotional Influences on Team Communication and Metacognitive Cyber Situational Awareness During a Cyber Engineering Exercise.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Cyber-situasjonsbevissthet.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Cybersituasjonsforståelse: En nevrokognitiv tilnærming.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Situational Awareness at an Individual Level – Processing information.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Role of DLPFC Functioning for Deepfake Recognition Skills.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Canham, Matthew; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2022). A System for Classifying the Neurocognitive Goals of Cognitive Warfare.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Johansen, Ann-Kristin & Fredheim, Nina Skajaa (2022). Hjernene våre kan ha svaret på hvordan vi kan hindre cyberangrep. [Internett]. Forskning.no. Vis sammendrag

  PODCAST: Cyberangrep øker. Det truer sikkerheten til både samfunnet og hver enkelt av oss. Foreløpig vet vi for lite om fenomenet til å klare å vinne kampen mot de som står bak.

• Johansen, Ann-Kristin; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Nina Skajaa, Fredheim (2022). Forskningsprek: Ligger svaret på hvordan cyberangrep kan forhindres i hjernene våre? [Internett]. Høgskolen i Østfold, Fredrikstad. Vis sammendrag

  Deepfakes, phishing og andre former for cyberangrep øker og truer sikkerheten vår, både som samfunn og privatpersoner. Men foreløpig vet vi for lite om fenomenet til å klare å vinne kampen mot de som står bak.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Forskning under Bukkesprang: Cybersituasjonsbevissthet på Individ- og Team-nivå.
• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2022). Cognitive Security: Exploring the Human Layer.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Fredheim, Nina Skajaa (2022). Nettangrep: IT-personell lar seg lettere lure. [Internett]. Høgskolen i Østfold. Vis sammendrag

  Korte nettsikkerhetskampanjer har liten eller ingen effekt ifølge forskning. Og IT-personell er dårligere enn andre til å gjenkjenne nettangrep under slike kampanjer.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Canham, Matthew; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2022). Et System for å Klassifisere De Nevrokognitive Målene Til Kognitiv Krigføring.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). ACDICOM Research.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Role of IT Background for Metacognitive Accuracy, Confidence and Overestimation of Deep Fake Recognition Skills.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). ACDICOM Project.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Cyber situasjonsforståelse: Person-Situasjon Interaksjon og Anvendte Aspekter.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). ACDICOM: Advancing Cyber Defense by Improved Communication of Recognized Cyber Threat Situations .
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Science-Based Approaches to Improving Cyber Threat Communication.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations: A Systematic Review.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). The Influence of Team Workload Demands During a Cyber Defense Exercise on Team Performance. Vis sammendrag

  Research has shown that cyber defense is dependent on individual functioning as well as teamwork[1, 2]. Research has identified teamwork factors, such as communication and coordination, that increase performance [1, 3], while more supporting behaviours, i.e. emotional and team support, have shown to inhibit team performance [3, 4] but currently the understanding of impact workloads have on performance is still limited [4]. The study investigated the role of team workload demands on team performance (effectiveness, dissatisfaction). Methods Data was collected during the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy’s annual Cyber Defense Exercise. The Team Workload Questionnaire[5] was used as the independent variable to assess workload demands. The Teamwork component (communication, coordination, team performance monitoring) and Task-Team component (time-share, team emotion, team support) were used as predictors. For performance outcomes, two self-reported items were created, Team Effectiveness and Team Dissatisfaction, on a 10-point Likert scale (none-very). The study conformed to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services’ ethical guidelines. Participants gave their informed consent verbally and were informed that they could withdraw from participation at any time. Statistical analysis was done with JASP version .14.1[6]. Alpha levels were set to .05.   Results Teamwork demands (communication (β=.608), coordination (β =.224), team performance monitoring (β =-.149) could predict Team Effectiveness (R2=.632, F=5.16, p=.024). Task-team workload demands (team support (β =.328), team emotion (β=.878), time-share demands (β =-.196)) could predict Team Dissatisfaction (R2=.853, F=17.36, p<.001). Discussion This study investigated the influence of team workload demands on team performance. Results support the hypotheses. Teamwork demands could predict team effectiveness while Task-team demands could predict more negative aspects of team performance and the results are in line with previous research [3, 4, 7]. Future research in cyber security operations should incorporate team workload demands to assess performance. This research is funded by the Norwegian Research Council (#302941).

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). Design and Cyber Security.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Projektstudium and Introduction to Cyberpsychology .
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations.
• Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Dark Patterns and Deep Fakes.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). The role of healthcare professionals in cybersecurity.
• Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2021). The Human Factors.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Psychology and Cyber Security.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2020). Human Factors in Cyber Defense.
• Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2020). Social Engineering and Dark Patterns.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2024). Neuroergonomic Approaches to Understanding and Improving Communication of Recognized Cyber Threat Situations. NTNU. ISSN 978-82-326-8147-1. 2024(278).

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