Stefan Sütterlin

• Melnikovas, Aleksandras; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Maennel, Kaie; Brilingaitė, Agnė; Sütterlin, Stefan & Juozapavičius, Aušrius (2023). Teaching Pentesting to Social Sciences Students Using ExperientialLearning Techniques to Improve Attitudes towards PossibleCybersecurity Careers. Proceedings of the ... European conference on information warfare and security. ISSN 2048-8602. 22(1), p. 294–302. doi: 10.34190/eccws.22.1.1145. Show summary

  Labor market analysis shows that there is a significant shortage of experienced cybersecurity professionals, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. In addition, young people who are reluctant to choose STEM subjects in school typically do not see cybersecurity as a part of their future because they believe it demands exclusive technical knowledge that is beyond their reach. We aimed to change this perception among students of the social sciences, assuming that by providing social science students with the basics of cybersecurity, it would be possible to raise their awareness and encourage them to consider this field as a potential career option. Our team has designed a concise technical course based on Kolb's model that employs experiential learning to provide students with a basic knowledge of ethical intrusion (penetration testing). During the 32-hour subject, cadet officers with no prior IT education experienced all the steps of hacking both into a remotely accessible and physically accessible computer, including initial reconnaissance, vulnerability scanning, exploitation, and privilege escalation. A hands-on practical task of breaking into a highly vulnerable remote computer allowed for the evaluation of knowledge and skills as well as the reinforcement of learning experiences. In order to assess how the students' perceptions of the cybersecurity profession have changed based on the theory of planned behavior, they were asked to provide feedback immediately after the course and one year later. The results indicate that the short, technically challenging, but practical course based on experiential learning had a significant and positive effect on participants' attitudes: they were substantially more likely to consider cybersecurity as a future career, and some of them began participating in other cybersecurity courses or activities. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that providing similar technical courses to social science students will encourage them to pursue cybersecurity-related careers in the future.

• Firth, Andrea M.; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). The Role of Trait and State Mindfulness in Cognitive Performance of Male Adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 16, p. 3939–3948. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S409737. Show summary

  Purpose: The number of mindfulness intervention projects is continually increasing. Within the educational environment, mindfulness has purported links to well-being, positive behaviour, educational and cognitive performance. Trait mindfulness is related to rational thinking and better performance in cognitive tests, suggesting that innate mindfulness ability contributes to self-regulation ability and thus the efficacy of mindfulness interventions. The current study investigates whether mindfulness is a moderating factor. It examines correlations between cognitive performance and trait mindfulness. The study investigates the influence of trait mindfulness on the ability of students to enter state mindfulness in an attempt to understand the role both types of mindfulness may have on cognitive performance. Participants and Method: Two-hundred and five male students aged fifteen and sixteen completed the adolescent version of the Mindfulness Awareness Scale, the Cognitive Reflection Test, and the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis found that state mindfulness was a predictor of cognitive reflection ability. ANOVA also found that having either trait or state mindfulness predicted higher cognitive reflection scores, but only state mindfulness had a significant effect on cognitive reflection. Trait mindfulness was not a moderating factor. Conclusion: Both state and trait aspects of mindfulness ability influence cognitive performance. Those with higher trait mindfulness ability are better able to enter state mindfulness and thus had better cognitive reflection scores. However, where it is possible to induce state mindfulness into those with low trait mindfulness, CRT scores were also higher although not significantly so.

• Lande, Natalie Marie; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sætren, Sjur Skjørshammer; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). The Role of Emotion Regulation for General Self-Efficacy in Adolescents Assessed Through Both Neurophysiological and Self-Reported Measures. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 16, p. 3373–3383. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S406702. Full text in Research Archive
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Hoffmann, Lukas & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Gamification as a neuroergonomic approach to improving interpersonal situational awareness in cyber defense. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.988043. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In cyber threat situations, the establishment of a shared situational awareness as a basis for cyber defense decision-making results from adequate communication of a Recognized Cyber Picture (RCP). RCPs consist of actively selected information and have the goal of accurately presenting the severity and potential consequences of the situation. RCPs must be communicated between individuals, but also between organizations, and often from technical to non-/less technical personnel. The communication of RCPs is subject to many challenges that may affect the transfer of critical information between individuals. There are currently no common best practices for training communication for shared situational awareness among cyber defense personnel. The Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model is a pedagogic tool to improve communication between individuals during a cyber threat situation. According to the model, an individual must apply meta-cognitive awareness (O), perspective taking (L), and communication skills (B) to successfully communicate the RCP. Gamification (applying game elements to non-game contexts) has shown promise as an approach to learning. We propose a novel OLB-based Gamification design to improve dyadic communication for shared situational awareness among (technical and non-technical) individuals during a cyber threat situation. The design includes the Gamification elements of narrative, scoring, feedback, and judgment of self. The proposed concept contributes to the educational development of cyber operators from both military and civilian organizations responsible for defending and securing digital infrastructure. This is achieved by combining the elements of a novel communication model with Gamification in a context in urgent need for educational input.

• Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Cognitive agility for improved understanding and self-governance: a human-centric AI enabler . In Carayannis, Elias & Grigoroudis, Evangelos (Ed.), Cover Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Entrepreneurship . Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781839106743. doi: https:/doi.org/10.4337/9781839106750.00019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a catalyst for innovation activity. This chapter looks at developers and entrepreneurs as key human actors forming a performance triad with the AI. Successful exploitation of AI capabilities in entrepreneurial contexts requires humans to successfully collaborate, prevent communication errors and maintain control over the AI. To achieve this, human enablers require cognitive agility. This skill is founded upon metacognition and relies on heightened domain cognisance and the ability to govern one’s own actions. These attributes can be trained through adaptive non-standards based forms of education. Failure to develop the necessary human factor attributes risks increasing the likelihood of compromising the triad and the catalytic effect of AI. Developing cognitive expertise can mitigate ethical issues, power imbalances, bias, and adversarial factors that present significant challenges to technological solutions.

• Maennel, Kaie; Brilingaite, A.; Bukauskas, Linas; Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). A Multidimensional Cyber Defence Exercise: Emphasis on Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects. Sage Open. ISSN 2158-2440. doi: 10.1177/21582440231156367. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hands-on and practical learning has been key to cybersecurity education and training success. Cyber Defence Exercises (CDX) are a common approach to training, testing, and verifying technical and soft skills. However, full-scale CDX implementation is also an expensive training event. In order to advance such exercises to the next level, CDX organisers should further focus on educational, psychological and cross-domain relationships. The paper discusses and proposes a multidimensional approach for CDX that balances cognitive, emotional and social aspects critical for successful interdisciplinary learning. We share our experience incorporating knowledge from well-known psychology theories to CDX. We derive and describe seven elementary ingredients if a CDX is to meet the interdisciplinary and critical thinking needs of defensive cyberspace operations.

• Andersen, Fredrik; Herikstad, Yngve; Sütterlin, Stefan & Dechsling, Anders (2023). Negotiating Consensus for Diverging Evidence. An Application of the Explanatory Approach to Guidelines for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders and Addiction. In Zachmann, Karin; Bondio, Mariacarla Gadebusch; Jukola, Saana & Sparschuh, Olga (Ed.), Evidence Contestation: Dealing with Dissent in Knowledge Societies. Routledge. ISSN 9781003273509. p. 167–189.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Mägerle, Sophia; Glöckler, Sandra; Wolf, Leandra & Schray, Julian [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 14019(9). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35017-7_18. Show summary

  AI-generated “deep fakes” is increasingly used by cybercriminals conducting targeted and tailored social engineering attacks, and for influencing public opinion. To raise awareness and efficiently train individuals in recogniz-ing deep fakes, understanding individual differences in the ability to recognize them is central. Previous research suggested a close relationship between politi-cal attitudes and top-down perceptual and cognitive processing styles. In this study, we investigate the impact of political attitudes and agreement with the political message content on individual deep fake recognition skills. 163 adults (72 females = 44.2%) judged a series of video clips with politicians’ statements across the political spectrum regarding their authenticity and their agreement with the message content. Half of the presented videos were fabricated via lip-sync technology. In addition to agreement with each statement made, global po-litical attitudes towards social and economic topics were assessed via the Social and Economic Conservatism Scale (SECS). There were robust negative associa-tions between participants’ general and social conservatism and their ability to recognize fabricated videos, especially when where there was agreement with the message content. Deep fakes watched on mobile phones and tablets were considerably less likely to be recognized compared to when watched on station-ary computers. This is the first study to investigate and establish the association between political attitudes and interindividual differences in deep fake recogni-tion. The study supports recently published research suggesting relationships between conservatism and perceived credibility of conspiracy theories and fake news in general. Implications for further research are discussed.

• Ptacek, Martin; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Steptoe, Karl J. & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Effectiveness of the mindfulness–acceptance–commitment approach: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2023.2180070.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Kullman, Kaur; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Engel, Don & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). A 3D mixed reality visualization of network topology and activity results in better dyadic cyber team communication and cyber situational awareness. Frontiers in Big Data. ISSN 2624-909X. 6. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1042783. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Cyber defense decision-making during cyber threat situations is based on human-to-human communication aiming to establish a shared cyber situational awareness. Previous studies suggested that communication inefficiencies were among the biggest problems facing security operation center teams. There is a need for tools that allow for more efficient communication of cyber threat information between individuals both in education and during cyber threat situations. Methods: In the present study, we compared how the visual representation of network topology and traffic in 3D mixed reality vs. 2D affected team performance in a sample of cyber cadets (N = 22) cooperating in dyads. Performance outcomes included network topology recognition, cyber situational awareness, confidence in judgements, experienced communication demands, observed verbal communication, and forced choice decision-making. The study utilized network data from the NATO CCDCOE 2022 Locked Shields cyber defense exercise. Results: We found that participants using the 3D mixed reality visualization had better cyber situational awareness than participants in the 2D group. The 3D mixed reality group was generally more confident in their judgments except when performing worse than the 2D group on the topology recognition task (which favored the 2D condition). Participants in the 3D mixed reality group experienced less communication demands, and performed more verbal communication aimed at establishing a shared mental model and less communications discussing task resolution. Better communication was associated with better cyber situational awareness. There were no differences in decision-making between the groups. This could be due to cohort effects such as formal training or the modest sample size. Conclusion: This is the first study comparing the effect of 3D mixed reality and 2D visualizations of network topology on dyadic cyber team communication and cyber situational awareness. Using 3D mixed reality visualizations resulted in better cyber situational awareness and team communication. The experiment should be repeated in a larger and more diverse sample to determine its potential effect on decision-making.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Helgetun, Ivar & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Neurophysiological and emotional influences on team communication and metacognitive cyber situational awareness during a cyber engineering exercise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 16(1092056). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1092056. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Cyber operations unfold at superhuman speeds where cyber defense decisions are based on human-to-human communication aiming to achieve a shared cyber situational awareness. The recently proposed Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model suggests a three-phase metacognitive approach for successful communication of cyber situational awareness for good cyber defense decision-making. Successful OLB execution implies applying cognitive control to coordinate self-referential and externally directed cognitive processes. In the brain, this is dependent on the frontoparietal control network and its connectivity to the default mode network. Emotional reactions may increase default mode network activity and reduce attention allocation to analytical processes resulting in sub-optimal decision-making. Vagal tone is an indicator of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal node of the frontoparietal control network and is associated with functional connectivity between the frontoparietal control network and the default mode network. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess whether indicators of neural activity relevant to the processes outlined by the OLB model were related to outcomes hypothesized by the model. Methods: Cyber cadets (N = 36) enrolled in a 3-day cyber engineering exercise organized by the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy participated in the study. Differences in prospective metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, communication demands, and mood were compared between cyber cadets with high and low vagal tone. Vagal tone was measured at rest prior to the exercise. Affective states, communication demands, cyber situational awareness, and metacognitive accuracy were measured on each day of the exercise. Results: We found that cyber cadets with higher vagal tone had better metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, imposed fewer communication demands on their teams, and had more neutral moods compared to cyber cadets with lower vagal tone. Conclusion: These findings provide neuroergonomic support for the OLB model and suggest that it may be useful in education and training. Future studies should assess the effect of OLB-ing as an intervention on communication and performance.

• Pirta-Dreimane, Rūta; Brilingaitė, Agnė; Majore, Ginta; Knox, Benjamin James; Lapin, Kristina & Parish, Karen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Application of intervention mapping in cybersecurity education design. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 7. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.998335. Full text in Research Archive
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Prefrontally modulated vagal neuroimmunomodulation is associated with telomere length. Frontiers in Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-4548. 16. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1063162. Full text in Research Archive
• Firth, Andrea M.; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). The Effect of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training on Vagal Tone in Athletically Talented Secondary School Students. Sports. ISSN 2075-4663. 10(10). doi: 10.3390/sports10100146. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study examines whether twelve sessions of heart rate variability biofeedback training would improve vagally mediated heart rate variability. If so, it would go some way in explaining why breathing based interventions reduces clinical symptoms and improves non-clinical performance outcomes. Methods: Thirty participants (N = 30, Nfemale = 13) aged 14–13-year-old talented athletes from a sport specialist school in SE London UK, were randomly divided into three groups, a control group, a psychology skills training combined with heart rate variability biofeedback training group, and a heart rate variability biofeedback only group. For the combined group a variety of typical psychological skill training techniques were also used. Results: Paired participant t test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test found non-significant differences between pre- and post-intervention measurements of SDNN, HF Log, pNN50 and RMSSD Log heart rate variability. Non-significant results remained even after pooling the biofeedback training groups (n = 19). Conclusion: Our results do not indicate that beneficial effects associated with focused breathing training can be attributed to improved vagal tone. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of the benefits of focused breathing techniques is necessary to maximize clinical and non-clinical outcomes.

• Neyer, Sabrina E.; Witthöft, Michael; Cropley, Mark; Pawelzik, Markus; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). The cortisol awakening response at admission to hospital predicts depression severity after discharge in major depressive disorder patients—A replication study. Frontiers in Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-4548. 16. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.952903. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The cortisol awakening response is a non-invasive biomarker for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysregulation, reflecting accumulated stress over time. In a previous study we reported that a blunted CAR before an inpatient treatment predicted self-reported depressive symptoms six weeks and six months after discharge (XXXXXXXXX et al., 2019). This replication study adopted an improved overall methodology with more stringent assessment protocols and monitoring. The longitudinal design included 122 inpatients from a psychosomatic hospital with a diagnosis of Major Depression Disorder displaying symptoms of moderate to severe major depression (n=80 females). The Cortisol awakening response (CAR) was measured at intake. Depression severity was assessed as Beck Depression Inventory II scores at intake, discharge, six weeks and six months following discharge. Results from the original study were replicated in terms of effect size but did not reach statistical significance (correlation between BDI-II 6 months after discharge and AUCg: r=-.213; p=.054). The replication study yielded nearly identical correlation coefficients as in the original study (BDI-II 6 months and CAR, r=-.223, p<.05). The replication of previously reported effect sizes with a concurrent lack of statistical significance in the more restrictive, larger and better controlled replication study may well inform research on psycho-endocrinological predictors for treatment success, but suggests a rather limited practical relevance for cortisol awakening response measures in this clinical context.

• Børtveit, Line; Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Nordgreen, Tine & Nordahl-Hansen, Anders (2022). Guided Internet-Delivered Treatment for Depression: Scoping Review. JMIR Mental health. ISSN 2368-7959. 9(10), p. 1–24. doi: 10.2196/37342. Full text in Research Archive
• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Glenister, Lauren & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Ambiguous Self-Induced Disinformation (ASID) Attacks: Weaponizing a Cognitive Deficiency . Journal of Information Warfare. ISSN 1445-3312. 21(3), p. 43–58. doi: 10.31219/osf.io/2kbf9. Full text in Research Archive
• Cropley, Mark; Weidenstedt, Linda; Leick, Birgit & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Working from home during lockdown: the association between rest breaks and well-being. Ergonomics. ISSN 0014-0139. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2095038. Show summary

  One of the challenges with working from home (WFH) is the question of its effect on health and well-being. The impact of home working on health, has so far not been studied extensively. We address this gap by investigating the association between internal recovery, operationalised as rest break frequency (low, medium, high) during the working day, on self-reported musculoskeletal pain, and post-work recovery symptoms in knowledge workers (n=382) WFH. The analysis showed that failing to take frequent breaks was associated with a dose response increased risk of reporting headaches. For post-work recovery symptoms, failing to take rest breaks throughout the day was associated with an increased risk of reporting psychological fatigue, physical fatigue and sleep problems, and a decreased risk of psychologically detaching from work and experiencing adequate rest. Our findings emphasize the importance of remote workers taking recovery breaks from work demands in the maintenance of health and well-being. Key words: Remote working, stress, recovery from work, rest breaks, musculoskeletal pain, well-being Practitioner Summary For the foreseeable future, many knowledge-workers will be obliged to work from home for at least, some days of the week. It is important for workers to learn to regulate their behaviour, and workers need to be educated about the value of taking regular rest breaks throughout the working day.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). The Role of IT Background for Metacognitive Accuracy, Confidence and Overestimation of Deep Fake Recognition Skills. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13310, p. 103–119. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-05457-0_9. Full text in Research Archive
• Schelhorn, Iris; Schlüter, Swantje; Paintner, Kerstin; Shiban, Youssef; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Meyer, Marie [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Emotions and emotion up-regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262283.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). The Influence of Team Workload Demands During a Cyber Defense Exercise on Team Performance. Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS). ISSN 1865-0929. 1499, p. 545–549. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90179-0_70. Show summary

  Research has shown that cyber defense is dependent on individual functioning as well as teamwork[1, 2]. Research has identified teamwork factors, such as communication and coordination, that increase performance [1, 3], while more supporting behaviours, i.e. emotional and team support, have shown to inhibit team performance [3, 4] but currently the understanding of impact workloads have on performance is still limited [4]. The study investigated the role of team workload demands on team performance (effectiveness, dissatisfaction). Methods Data was collected during the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy’s annual Cyber Defense Exercise. The Team Workload Questionnaire[5] was used as the independent variable to assess workload demands. The Teamwork component (communication, coordination, team performance monitoring) and Task-Team component (time-share, team emotion, team support) were used as predictors. For performance outcomes, two self-reported items were created, Team Effectiveness and Team Dissatisfaction, on a 10-point Likert scale (none-very). The study conformed to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services’ ethical guidelines. Participants gave their informed consent verbally and were informed that they could withdraw from participation at any time. Statistical analysis was done with JASP version .14.1[6]. Alpha levels were set to .05.   Results Teamwork demands (communication (β=.608), coordination (β =.224), team performance monitoring (β =-.149) could predict Team Effectiveness (R2=.632, F=5.16, p=.024). Task-team workload demands (team support (β =.328), team emotion (β=.878), time-share demands (β =-.196)) could predict Team Dissatisfaction (R2=.853, F=17.36, p<.001). Discussion This study investigated the influence of team workload demands on team performance. Results support the hypotheses. Teamwork demands could predict team effectiveness while Task-team demands could predict more negative aspects of team performance and the results are in line with previous research [3, 4, 7]. Future research in cyber security operations should incorporate team workload demands to assess performance. This research is funded by the Norwegian Research Council (#302941).

• Domarkiene, Ingrida; Ambrozaitytė, Laima; Bukauskas, Linas; Rančelis, Tautvydas; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Cybergenomics: Application of behavioral genetics in cybersecurity. Behavioral Sciences. ISSN 2076-328X. 11:152. doi: 10.3390/bs11110152. Full text in Research Archive
• Dechsling, Anders; Orm, Stian; Kalandadze, Tamara; Sütterlin, Stefan; Øien, Roald A & Shic, Frederick [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Virtual and augmented reality in social skills interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. ISSN 0162-3257. p. 1–16. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05338-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Schelhorn, Iris; Ecker, Angelika; Lüdtke, Michael N.; Rehm, Stefan; Tran, Thomy & Bereznai, Judith L. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Psychological burden during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12:640518, p. 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640518. Full text in Research Archive
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13096, p. 3–20. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_1.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations: A Systematic Review. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13096. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_2.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Hjelmeland, Inger; Hansen, Mette Tindvik; Haug, Erna; Sütterlin, Stefan & Grønlien, Heidi Kristine (2021). Impact of initial emotional states and self-efficacy changes on nursing students’ practical skills performance in simulation-based education. Nursing Reports. ISSN 2039-439X. 11(2), p. 267–278. doi: 10.3390/nursrep11020026. Full text in Research Archive
• Neyer, Sabrina E.; Witthöft, Michael; Cropley, Mark; Pawelzik, Markus; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Reduction of depressive symptoms during inpatient treatment is not associated with changes in heart rate variability. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 16(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248686. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) is a psychophysiological indicator of mental and physical health. Limited research suggests there is reduced vagal activity and resulting lower HRV in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD); however little is actually known about the association between HRV and symptoms of depression and whether the association mirrors symptom improvement following psychotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between antidepressant therapy, symptom change and HRV in 50 inpatients (68% females; 17–68 years) with a diagnosis of MDD. Severity of depressive symptoms was assessed by self-report (Beck Depression Inventory II) and the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression. Measures of vagally mediated HRV (root mean square of successive differences and high-frequency) were assessed at multiple measurement points before and after inpatient psychotherapeutic and psychiatric treatment. Results showed an expected negative correlation between HRV and depressive symptoms at intake. Depressive symptoms improved (d = 0.84) without corresponding change in HRV, demonstrating a de-coupling between this psychophysiological indicator and symptom severity. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine an association between HRV and depressive symptoms before and after psychotherapy. The observed de-coupling of depression and HRV, and its methodological implications for future research are discussed.

• Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Halvorsen, Lars Rune (2021). A Critical View of the National Student Survey as a Quality Indicator in Norwegian Higher Education. Nordisk tidsskrift for pedagogikk og kritikk. ISSN 2387-5739. 7, p. 362–375. doi: 10.23865/ntpk.v7.2306. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Student surveys are an integral part of quality assessment in the education sector and play a vital role in the justification of policies and decisions on governmental, institutional and individual levels. Each year in Norway a governmental agency for quality assurance in education conducts a national survey inviting all registered second year bachelor’s and master’s students to provide online feedback on their perceived study quality. We discuss the limits of the results' interpretability in the light of previous research criticising the validity of student surveys for the assessment of educational quality in general and discuss in more detail the limitations in the chosen Norwegian example. This article aims to increase the awareness of these challenges and stimulate a science-based development of alternative assessment forms of educational quality. The relationship between the educational sector's core activity and the survey's focus is discussed; suggestions for paths to improvement are made. We argue further that the nationwide assessment lays bare the conceptual deficits that may be of equally high importance for educational system evaluations in other countries.

• Dechsling, Anders; Shic, Frederick; Zhang, Dajie; Marschik, Peter B.; Esposito, Gianluca & Orm, Stian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Virtual reality and naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities. ISSN 0891-4222. 111:103885, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103885. Full text in Research Archive
• Mäses, Sten; Maennel, Olaf & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Using competency mapping for skill assessment in an introductory cybersecurity course. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. ISSN 2194-5357. 1329, p. 572–583. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-68201-9_56.
• Maennel, Kaie; Kivimägi, Kristian; Maennel, Olaf; Sütterlin, Stefan & Ernits, Margus (2021). Remote Technical Labs: An Innovative and Scalable Component for University Cybersecurity Program Admission. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. ISSN 2194-5357. 1329, p. 521–533. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-68201-9_51.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Maennel, Kaie; Canham, Matthew & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). On the relationship between health sectors digitalization and sustainable health goals: A cyber security perspective. In Flahault, Antoine (Eds.), Transitioning to Good Health and Well-Being. MDPI. ISSN 978-3-03897-864-0.
• Rost, Silke; Crombez, Geert; Sütterlin, Stefan; Vögele, Claus; Veirman, Elke & Van Ryckeghem, Dimitri (2020). Altered regulation of negative affect in patients with fibromyalgia: A diary study. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. 25, p. 714–724. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1706. Full text in Research Archive
• Eikeseth, Fillip Ferreira; Sætren, Sjur Skjørshammer; Benjamin, Silje Beatrice Rognås; Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene Ulltveit-Moe; Sütterlin, Stefan & Hummelen, Benjamin (2020). The test-retest reliability of heart rate variability and its association with personality functioning. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.558145.
• Egner, Lars Even; Sütterlin, Stefan & Calogiuri, Giovanna (2020). Proposing a Framework for the Restorative Effects of Nature through Conditioning: Conditioned Restoration Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 17(18). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186792. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Natural environments have been shown to trigger psychological and physiological restoration in humans. A new framework regarding natural environments restorative properties is proposed. Conditioned restoration theory builds on a classical conditioning paradigm, postulating the occurrence of four stages: (i) unconditioned restoration, unconditioned positive affective responses reliably occur in a given environment (such as in a natural setting); (ii) restorative conditioning, the positive affective responses become conditioned to the environment; (iii) conditioned restoration, subsequent exposure to the environment, in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, retrieves the same positive affective responses; and (iv) stimulus generalization, subsequent exposure to associated environmental cues retrieves the same positive affective responses. The process, hypothetically not unique to natural environments, involve the well-documented phenomenon of conditioning, retrieval, and association and relies on evaluative conditioning, classical conditioning, core affect, and conscious expectancy. Empirical findings showing that restoration can occur in non-natural environments and through various sensory stimuli, as well as findings demonstrating that previous negative experience with nature can subsequently lower restorative effects, are also presented in support of the theory. In integration with other existing theories, the theory should prove to be a valuable framework for future research.

• Bräscher, Anne-Kathrin; Sütterlin, Stefan; Scheuren, Raymonde; Van den Bergh, Omer & Witthöft, Michael (2020). Somatic Symptom Perception From a Predictive Processing Perspective – An Empirical Test Using the Thermal Grill Illusion. Psychosomatic Medicine. ISSN 0033-3174. 82(7), p. 708–714. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000824. Show summary

  Objective: In a predictive processing perspective, symptom perceptions result from an integration of preexisting information in memory with sensory input. Physical symptoms can therefore reflect the relative predominance of either sensory input or preexisting information. In this study, we used the thermal grill illusion (TGI), which applies interlaced warm and cool temperatures to the skin to create a paradoxical heat-pain experience. Assuming that the TGI compared with single-temperature stimulation relies more importantly on an active integration process of the brain to create this paradoxical sensation, we tested the hypothesis whether a manipulation of the expectations during TGI would have more impact than during single-temperature stimulation. Methods: Sixty-four participants received different temperature combinations (16/16°C, 40/40°C, 16/40°C) with neutral, positive (“placebo”), and negative (“nocebo”) instructions. Subjective stimulus intensity was rated, and neuroticism and absorption (openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences) served as potential moderating factors. Results: The TGI condition was rated highest. Overall, negative instructions increased (p < .001, d = 0.58), whereas positive instructions did not significantly change the TGI intensity perception (versus neutral; p = .144, d = 0.19). In the TGI condition, increasedmodulation of pain was observed with higher neuroticism (β = 0.33, p = .005) and absorption (β = 0.30, p = .010). Conclusions: Whereas negative instructions induced a nocebo effect, no placebo effect emerged after positive instructions. The findings are in line with the predictive processing model of symptom perception for participants with higher levels of neuroticism and absorption. Key words: thermal grill illusion of pain, predictive coding, expectation, thermal stimulation, nocebo effect.

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Jøsok, Øyvind & Sütterlin, Stefan (2020). Variable Self-efficacy as a Measurement for Behaviors in Cyber Security Operations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12197, p. 395–404. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_27.
• Nordahl-Hansen, Anders; Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Børtveit, Line; Zhang, Dajie & Øien, Roald A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). An Overview of Virtual Reality Interventions for two Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12197, p. 257–267. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_17.
• Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan & Nordahl-Hansen, Anders (2020). Acceptability and normative considerations in research on Autism Spectrum Disorders and Virtual Reality. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12197, p. 161–170. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_11.
• Maennel, Kaie; Mäses, Sten; Sütterlin, Stefan; Ernits, Margus & Maennel, Olaf (2019). Using technical cybersecurity exercises in university admissions and skill evaluation. IFAC-PapersOnLine. ISSN 2405-8963. 52(19), p. 169–174. doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.169.
• Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2019). Cognisance as a human factor in military cyber defence education. IFAC-PapersOnLine. ISSN 2405-8963. 52(19), p. 163–168. doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.168. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cyber Defence Exercises (CDX) are common training and learning tools. A recently discussed challenge in cyber defence teaching and training is the gap between the fast technological advancement accompanied by rapidly changing demands on future cyber defence operators, and the lack of science-based teaching and training methods. A growing body of evidence suggests a crucial role of human factors as a central predictor for human performance in sociotechnical systems. While this has been acknowledged in a wide range of safety-critical applied fields, there is still a lack of knowledge about the impact of human factors on cyber defence performance. The lack of conventional metrics of performance and learning progress contribute to this deficit. To address this gap, the Norwegian Defence Cyber Academy (NDCA) follows a science-based educational approach that identified in a series of empirical studies cognitive-psychological predictors for learning success of future cyber defence operators. These predictors and elements of a human factors research program are deeply embedded into educational practice and include processes such as metacognition, self-regulation, coping, communication and shared mental modelling. Slow education methods and mentoring are fundamental to enabling the advancement of human factors cognisance among military cyber cadets. As a tool for efficient training, the NDCA developed and implemented a mentoring concept that involves a cyber defence retrospective timeline analysis involving expert and practitioner level mentors. The timeline differentiates between performance relevant hard-and soft-skills and leads progressively towards an alignment of Security Operation Centre (SOC)-and expert judgments of performance. The NDCA argues that this educational concept facilitates educational benefits based on insight, accurate self-perception, motivation and decreased team workloads following more efficient collaboration.

• Firth, Andrea; Cavallini, Ingvild; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo (2019). Mindfulness and self-efficacy in pain perception, stress and academic performance. The influence of mindfulness on cognitive processes. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 12, p. 565–574. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S206666. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: This study seeks to understand the mediating effects of mindfulness on selfefficacy, academic performance and ability to cope with pain. It further examines the effect of mindfulness on the capacity to cope with pain-induced stress. Whilst there are physiological changes which occur due to mindfulness, it is still not clearly understood how the mechanisms behind mindfulness work or whether the role of self-efficacy is an agent of mindfulness which may impact on performance and stress coping. Participants and methods: A three-part study (n=92) was conducted to test the relationship between mindfulness, self-efficacy and well-being factors, alongside academic performance in university students. Part one involved data collection one month prior to an experiment where trait scores for all factors were used to check pain and well-being behaviors. Part two consisted of participant randomization into three intervention groups(control, sham, mindfulness) and then an exposure to a fear induction task followed by cognitive tasks. The third part consisted of investigating the effect of a short mindfulness intervention on self-efficacy, pain and well-being in students. Results: The results indicate that self-efficacy had a positive effect on well-being factor (study 1 & 3) and in the experiment (study 2). Conclusion: Self-efficacy influenced pain intensity and pain unpleasantness and significantly predicted academic performance. Mindfulness had mixed results in how it influenced self-efficacy. While it influenced well-being and lowered stress (study 1 & 2) in the long term, the mindfulness intervention significantly decreased self efficacy.

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• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2024). Mental motstandskraft. In Berrefjord, Vivi Ringnes & Lund, Mass Soldal (Ed.), Cybermakt. En tverrfaglig innføring. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-05707-1. p. 334–352.
• Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). A Psychological Perspective on Insider Threats.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Lapin, Kristina; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). The Role of Experience and Education in Resilience and Decision-Making in Cyber Threat Situations.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Canham, Matthew; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2023). The Uncode System: A Neurocentric Systems Approach for Classifying the Goals and Methods of Cognitive Warfare .
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Bukauskas, Linas; Brilingaitė, Agnė & Maennel, Olaf Manuel (2023). Editorial: The human factor in cyber security education. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1277282.
• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Jones, Daniel N. (2023). Protecting the overclaimers in cybersecurity w/ Dr. Daniel N. Jones | CSI Talks #7. Show summary

  Daniel N. Jones is currently an Associate Professor of Management in the College of Business at the University of Nevada Reno (UNR) and a core faculty member in the Interdisciplinary Social Psychology Program. His contributions include research on dark personalities as they pertain to topics such as betrayal and cybersecurity. His research focuses on models of long vs. short-term deception and harm. Most especially, this research focuses on the differentiation of the Dark Triad of personality (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism). He is currently examining the potential utility of the Dark Triad in different contexts and is developing interventions that are designed to prevent the harm they cause.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Bassett, Gabriel (2023). CTF Factory: A high-fidelity cyber simulation w/ Gabriel Bassett | CSI Talks #6. Show summary

  This focus topic was presented by Gabriel Bassett during the CSI meeting held on the 03/01/2023. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Gabriel is the lead data scientist and a contributing author on the Data Breach Investigations Report team at Verizon Enterprise Solutions specializing in data science and graph theory applications to cyber security. He supports several information security data science conferences, is game architect for the CTF Factory Capture the Flag series, and founded Information Security Analytics LLC.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Vishwanath, Arun (2023). The Weakest Link and Beyond w/ Dr. Arun Vishwanath | CSI Talks #5. Show summary

  This focus topic was presented by Dr. Arun Vishwanath during the CSI meeting held on the 02/01/2022. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Dr. Arun Vishwanath is among the foremost experts on the “people problems” of cybersecurity. His research on the science of cybersecurity focuses on the largest surface of vulnerability in enterprise security: users. His body of work includes the development of methodologies to quantify human cyber-risk, approaches to diagnose how and why people are at risk through social engineering, and techniques to mitigate this risk.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Wixey, Matt (2023). Human Side-Channels: Cyberweapons and Cyber Defenses w/ Matt Wixey | CSI Talks #4. Show summary

  This focus topic was presented by Matt Wixey during the CSI meeting held on the 01/04/2023. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Matt Wixey is a senior threat researcher studying the physical and psychological effect of cyberweapons. He has over a decade of experience working in information security as a penetration tester, threat intelligence analyst and as a lead in R&D. His recent research focuses on human side-channels and whether or not computers contain an inherent capacity to cause harm.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Mägerle, Sophia; Glöckler, Sandra; Wolf, Leandra & Schray, Julian [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Kullman, Kaur; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Engel, Don & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Neuroergonomics for Cybersecurity.
• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Lawler, James (2022). Soulcatcher: Recruitment Operations w/ Former CIA Officer James Lawler | CSI Talks #3. Show summary

  This focus topic was presented by former CIA operations officer James Lawler during the CSI meeting held on the 12/07/2022. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. James "Jim" Lawler served for 25 years as a CIA operations officer in various international posts and as Chief of the Counterproliferation Division's Special Activities Unit. He was a member of the CIA's Senior Intelligence Service from 1998 to 2005. Lawler was a specialist in the recruitment of foreign spies, and he spent over half of his CIA career battling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including serving as chief of the A.Q. Khan Nuclear Takedown Team, which resulted in the disruption of the most dangerous nuclear weapons network in history. According to former CIA Director George Tenet, what Lawler and his team achieved ranks as one of the most spectacular intelligence accomplishments in the history of the CIA.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Gutzwiller, Robert (2022). Are Cyber Attackers Thinking Fast and Slow? w/ Dr. Robert Gutzwiller | CSI Talks #2. Show summary

  This focus topic was presented by Dr. Robert Gutzwiller during the CSI meeting held on the 11/02/2022. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Dr. Robert Gutzwiller is a researcher studying the critical role of the human in complex systems. He has done pioneering work on oppositional human factors in cybersecurity, although his work extends beyond cyberspace to areas such as defense and transportation. His recent research focuses on engineering human attention, human-automation interaction, and defensive cyberspace operations.

• Torgersen, Leanne & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Patient Informed Consent, Ethical and Legal Considerations in the Context of Digital Vulnerability with Smart, Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.
• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sawyer, Ben (2022). Cognitive Security: Human Vulnerabilities, Exploits, and TTPs.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Neuroergonomic Approaches to Improving Cyber Situational Awareness During Cyber Threat Situations.
• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2022). Cognitive Security: Exploring the Human Layer.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2022). Cybersecurity – Our New Normal.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Forskning under Bukkesprang: Cybersituasjonsbevissthet på Individ- og Team-nivå.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Canham, Matthew; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2022). Et System for å Klassifisere De Nevrokognitive Målene Til Kognitiv Krigføring.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Canham, Matthew; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2022). A System for Classifying the Neurocognitive Goals of Cognitive Warfare.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Situational Awareness at an Individual Level – Processing information.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). The Role of DLPFC Functioning for Deepfake Recognition Skills.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Helgetun, Ivar & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Neurophysiological and Emotional Influences on Team Communication and Metacognitive Cyber Situational Awareness During a Cyber Engineering Exercise.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Cybersituasjonsforståelse: En nevrokognitiv tilnærming.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Cyber-situasjonsbevissthet.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Kullman, Kaur (2022). Perception and human-machine interactions in cybersecurity.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & van Steen, Tommy (2022). Implementing Behavioural Science Perspectives for Improved Cybersecurity Awareness Education in Organisations.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). ACDICOM Research.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). ACDICOM Project.
• Ptacek, Martin; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Steptoe, Karl J. & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Evidence Base of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment Approach in Applied Sport Psychology and Future Directions .
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). The Role of IT Background for Metacognitive Accuracy, Confidence and Overestimation of Deep Fake Recognition Skills.
• Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Towards a metacognitive accuracy training in military education.
• Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Vagally mediated heart rate variability as a non-invasive measure for momentary activation, recovery and long-term coping: possibilities, methods and caveats.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). ACDICOM: Advancing Cyber Defense by Improved Communication of Recognized Cyber Threat Situations .
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Science-Based Approaches to Improving Cyber Threat Communication.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations: A Systematic Review.
• Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Halvorsen, Lars Rune (2021). Studiebarometeret måler ikke studiekvalitet. Khrono.no. ISSN 1894-8995.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). Design and Cyber Security.
• Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Dark Patterns and Deep Fakes.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). The Influence of Team Workload Demands During a Cyber Defense Exercise on Team Performance. Show summary

  Research has shown that cyber defense is dependent on individual functioning as well as teamwork[1, 2]. Research has identified teamwork factors, such as communication and coordination, that increase performance [1, 3], while more supporting behaviours, i.e. emotional and team support, have shown to inhibit team performance [3, 4] but currently the understanding of impact workloads have on performance is still limited [4]. The study investigated the role of team workload demands on team performance (effectiveness, dissatisfaction). Methods Data was collected during the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy’s annual Cyber Defense Exercise. The Team Workload Questionnaire[5] was used as the independent variable to assess workload demands. The Teamwork component (communication, coordination, team performance monitoring) and Task-Team component (time-share, team emotion, team support) were used as predictors. For performance outcomes, two self-reported items were created, Team Effectiveness and Team Dissatisfaction, on a 10-point Likert scale (none-very). The study conformed to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services’ ethical guidelines. Participants gave their informed consent verbally and were informed that they could withdraw from participation at any time. Statistical analysis was done with JASP version .14.1[6]. Alpha levels were set to .05.   Results Teamwork demands (communication (β=.608), coordination (β =.224), team performance monitoring (β =-.149) could predict Team Effectiveness (R2=.632, F=5.16, p=.024). Task-team workload demands (team support (β =.328), team emotion (β=.878), time-share demands (β =-.196)) could predict Team Dissatisfaction (R2=.853, F=17.36, p<.001). Discussion This study investigated the influence of team workload demands on team performance. Results support the hypotheses. Teamwork demands could predict team effectiveness while Task-team demands could predict more negative aspects of team performance and the results are in line with previous research [3, 4, 7]. Future research in cyber security operations should incorporate team workload demands to assess performance. This research is funded by the Norwegian Research Council (#302941).

• Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2021). The Human Factors.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). The role of healthcare professionals in cybersecurity.
• Børtveit, Line; Nordahl-Hansen, Anders Johan; Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan & Nordgreen, Tine (2021). Tredjegenerasjons atferdsanalyse i internettlevert behandling for pasienter med depresjon.
• Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2020). Social Engineering and Dark Patterns.
• Orm, Stian; Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Øien, Roald A & Nordahl-Hansen, Anders Johan (2020). Virtual Reality to Enhance Social and Emotional Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
• Nordahl-Hansen, Anders; Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Børtveit, Line; Zhang, Dajie & Øien, Roald A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Virtual Reality Interventions: Autism and Intellectual Disabilities.
• Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan & Nordahl-Hansen, Anders (2020). Acceptability and normative considerations in research on Autism Spectrum Disorders and Virtual Reality.
• Maennel, Kaie; Kim, Joonsoo & Sütterlin, Stefan (2020). From Text Mining to Evidence Team Learning in Cybersecurity Exercises.
• Dechsling, Anders; Orm, Stian; Øien, Roald A; Sütterlin, Stefan & Nordahl-Hansen, Anders (2020). Virtual Reality and Behavior Analytic Interventions on Social Skills for People with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2019). Cyber Defense Officer Profiles and Performance factors .
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2019). TalTechi küberkaitseteadlased: ainult tehnilistest oskustest ja teadmistest küberkaitses ei piisa. Postimees. ISSN 1406-0981.
• Eikeseth, Fillip F.; Denninghaus, Sabrina; Witthöft, Michael; Cropley, Mark; Pawelzik, Markus R. & Sütterlin, Stefan (2019). Biomarkører i psykoterapiforskning - nye funn for cortisol awakening response. BestPractice Norge.
• Maennel, Kaie; Kim, Joonsoo & Sütterlin, Stefan (2019). Team Learning in Cybersecurity Exercises.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2024). Neuroergonomic Approaches to Understanding and Improving Communication of Recognized Cyber Threat Situations. NTNU. ISSN 978-82-326-8147-1. 2024(278).

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