Arnstein Hjelde

• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Linguistic Repertoires: Modeling Variation in Input and Production: A case study on American Speakers of Heritage Norwegian. Languages. ISSN 2226-471X. 8(1). doi: 10.3390/languages8010049. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Real-Time Sound Changes in a Minnesota-Norwegian Dialect between the 1980s and 2010s. In Cooijmans, Christian (Eds.), Islands of place and space. Scottish Society for Northern Studies. ISSN 978-1-3999-3523-4. p. 1–30.
• Lykke, Alexander Kristoffersen & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). New perspectives on grammatical change in heritage Norwegian: Introducing the adult speaker and adolescent relearner. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies (BeLLS). ISSN 1892-2449. 12(2), p. 63–76. doi: 10.15845/bells.v12i2.3827. Show summary

  This study introduces two speaker types, which have not yet been studied, to the study of heritage Norwegian: one adult (48, i.e., not elderly) and one adolescent speaker (16), “Kari” and “Jess”. They are both North American, English-dominant heritage speakers of Norwegian (AmNo), but differ from an older, previously studied cohort of American Norwegian speakers (old AmNo) in several respects. Kari and Jess have had more continuous contact with Norway throughout their lives. They are both Norwegian-literate and consume Norwegian-language media. Jess has attended Norwegian language courses in Norway, which motivates seeing her as a heritage language relearner. In this pilot study, we test the hypothesis that such extra-linguistic factors lead to grammatical differences between the groups. The hypothesis is tested by the analysis of three variables previously studied in old AmNo speakers: verb-second word order in non-subject initial clauses, possessive placement, and grammatical gender. We drew data from a 48-minute semi-structured speech recording. The study found that Kari and Jess indeed differ from old AmNo speakers. Kari’s language shows very little grammatical innovation, placing her among the most stable AmNo speakers. Jess’ language, in contrast, shows strongly innovative tendencies in all studied variables. To explain the innovations in Jess’ language, we appeal to heterogeneous input during childhood acquisition and cross-linguistic influence from English. Both factors, we argue, are active in the process of heritage language relearning.

• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2022). Reading Skills among Young Norwegian-American Heritage Speakers in the Early 1900s. In Biers, Kelly & Brown, Joshua R. (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 11). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 978-1-57473-480-5. p. 18–28.
• Søfteland, Åshild; Putnam, Michael T. & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). Variation in Infinitive Markers in American Norwegian. In Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 978-1-57473-478-2. p. 60–68. Full text in Research Archive
• Søfteland, Åshild & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). 'Ein må tenke seg om, ser du veit du, kva ord ein skal bruke.' Pragmatiske partiklar i amerikanorsk. In Hagen, Kristin; Kristoffersen, Gjert; Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander & Åfarli, Tor Anders (Ed.), Språk i arkiva. Ny forsking om eldre talemål frå LIA-prosjektet . Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788283900811. p. 295–320. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquette, Joshua; Eide, Kristin Melum; Hjelde, Arnstein & Putnam, Michael Travis (2021). Competition at the Left Edge: Left-Dislocation vs. Topicalization in Heritage Germanic. In Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 978-1-57473-478-2. p. 11–21. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Emilsen, Linda Evenstad & Arntzen, Ragnar (2019). Prosessability Theory as a tool in the study of a heritage speaker of Norwegian. In Lenzing, Anke; Nicholas, Howard & Roos, Jana (Ed.), Widening Contexts for Processability Theory. Theories and issues. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027203984. p. 185–206. doi: doi.org/10.1075/palart.7.08hje.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2018). Om verbplassering og verbmorfologi i amerikanorsk . Maal og Minne. ISSN 0024-855X. p. 25–69. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Andrespråkselevers møte med obligatoriske leseprøver fra småskole- til mellomtrinn. NOA - Norsk som andrespråk. ISSN 0801-3284. 33(1), p. 33–62. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2017). Amerikanorsk: Orda vitner om kontakt mellom folk. In Joranger, Terje Mikael Hasle & Cleven, Harry T. (Ed.), Norwegian-American Essays 2017. Novus Forlag. ISSN 978-82-7099-879-1. p. 257–282. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Jansson, Benthe Kolberg (2016). Language reforms in Norway and their acceptance and use in the Norwegian-American community, Language and Nation. Crossroads and Connections. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 978-3-8309-3497-4. p. 297–314.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Changes in a Norwegian dialect in America. In Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Salmons, Joseph C. (Ed.), Germanic heritage languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027234988. p. 283–298. doi: 10.1075/silv.18.13hje.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Borrowing modal elements into American Norwegian: The case of suppose(d). In Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Salmons, Joseph C. (Ed.), Germanic heritage languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027234988. p. 256–280. doi: 10.1075/silv.18.12eid.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). The rise, spread and migration of Nynorsk. In Ureland, P. Sture & Steward, John (Ed.), Minority Languages in Europe and Beyond - Results and Prospects. Logos Verlag Berlin. ISSN 9783832539191. p. 85–101.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Verb Second and Finiteness Morphology in Norwegian Heritage Language of the American Midwest. In Page, Richard S & Putnam, Michael T. (Ed.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 9789004289604. p. 64–101. doi: 10.1163/9789004290211_005.

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• Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (2021). Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISBN 978-1-57473-478-2. 85 p.
• Hagen, Kristin; Hjelde, Arnstein; Stjernholm, Karine & Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander (2020). Bauta: Janne Bondi Johannessen in memoriam. University of Oslo. ISBN 978-82-91398-12-9. 11(2). 552 p.
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Håkansson, Gisela Anne-Marie; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kessler, Jörg-U. (2019). Teachability and learnability across languages. Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research and Teaching. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027203120. 6(6). 263 p. Show summary

  Teachability and Learnability across Languages addresses key issues in second, foreign and heritage language acquisition, as well as in language teaching. Focusing on a Processability Theory perspective, it brings together empirical studies of language acquisition, language teaching, and language assessment. For the first time, a research timeline for the role of instruction in language learning is presented, showing how the field of second language acquisition (SLA) research has developed over the last four decades since Pienemann’s work on learnability and syllabus construction over the 1980s. The book includes studies of child and adult second as well as foreign language acquisition research, covering a wide range of target languages including English, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. In addition, future extensions of PT are discussed. This volume is designed for advanced students in international programs of SLA and Applied Linguistics as well as for SLA researchers and second and foreign language teachers.

• Kvam, Sigmund; Barstad, Guri Ellen; Hjelde, Arnstein; Todd, John James Rea & Parianou, Anastasia (2016). Language and Nation. Crossroads and Connections. Waxmann Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8309-3497-4. 317 p.

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• Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Fonetiske endringar i ein minnesotanorsk dialekt mellom 1980-talet og 2010-talet – ei impresjonistisk tilnærming .
• Kinn, Kari & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Norsk på chacraen: rapport fra en skandinavisk språk-lomme i Argentina. Språkprat: et populærvitenskapelig tidsskrift.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). On the baseline notion in language acquisition and maintenance: A case study on American Speakers of Heritage Norwegian.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Intra-speaker variation in North-American Heritage Norwegian (NorNAHL): Input and baseline(s).
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Writing skills among Norwegian Americans.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Diakron endring og variasjon i ‘input’ og ‘output’ i eit arvespråk med utgangpunkt i amerikanorsk.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2022). Arvespråk på prærien og pampasen – moglegheiter for FoU .
• Kinn, Kari & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Prærielingvistikk og pampaslingvistikk – Prosjektet Norwegian across the Americas. Emigranten. 1, p. 35–37.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Kinn, Kari (2022). The Norwegian language in Argentina: A first view of heritage Norwegian in a new contact situation.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Linguistic repertoires: modeling variation in input and production. A case study on American Speakers of Heritage Norwegian. .
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Variasjon, akkomodering, register: En modell for språklig endring.
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Camilla Bjørke & Arnstein Hjelde: Building ethnic identity among Norwegian-Americans: A comparative view on how Norwegian ethnicity is dealt with in Nordahl Rolfsen’s reader Boken om Norge (1913-1915) and Ole Edvart Rølvaag’s Norsk Læsebok (1919-1925). .
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Bjørke, Camilla & Opset, Barbro Bredesen (2022). Nordahl Rolfsen, Boken om Norge and the volume Norge i Amerika: ​Nation building at the prairie?
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Innovasjon eller tradisjon? Norskopplæring i et andre- og arvespråksperspektiv – med 100 års mellomrom .
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). Language change over a lifespan: Einar Haugen’s last speaker.
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Søfteland, Åshild; Kinn, Kari & Putnam, Michael T. (2021). Preface. In Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 978-1-57473-478-2. p. v–vii.
• Lykke, Alexander Kristoffersen & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). Young versus old speakers of heritage Norwegian: Novel data to solve methodological problems.
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). The Nynorsk language in America.
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). LALEMUC - Language learning in the multilingual classroom - an application for Norway's Research Council 2021.
• Hagen, Kristin; Hjelde, Arnstein; Stjernholm, Karine & Vangsnes, Øystein A (2020). English preface: Janne Bondi Johannessen 1960–2020. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). ISSN 1890-9639. 11(2), p. 17–32. doi: 10.5617/osla.8486. Show summary

  Janne Bondi Johannessen passed away on the 15thof June 2020. She would have turned60 on the 1stof August the same year, and this publication was originally planned as a surprise festschriftfor her anniversary.Now it has become a public-cation in memoriaminstead.We have chosen to use the word bauta in the title of the publication. A bauta stone is a tall memorial stone from olden times. In everyday Norwegian bauta is used metaphorically about people who havemade a difference in their field: That was certainly the case with Janne. Qualities like enterprising, strong, steadfast, responsible, caring, kind, altruistic, cooperative, inquiring, attentive, criticalcan all be attributed to her, and the sum of it all was something quite unique.

• Hagen, Kristin; Hjelde, Arnstein; Stjernholm, Karine & Vangsnes, Øystein A (2020). Janne Bondi Johannessen 1960–2020. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). ISSN 1890-9639. 11(2), p. 1–16. doi: 10.5617/osla.8485. Show summary

  Janne Bondi Johannessen døde 15. juni 2020. Hun ville ha fylt 60 år 1. august samme år, og denne publikasjonen var opphavlig planlagt som et festskrift vi skulle overraske henne med på jubileumsdagen. Slik gikk det ikke, og nå er det blitt et minneskrift istedet.Vi har valgt å bruke ordet bauta som tittel på minneskriftet. En bautastein er en stor minnestein fra eldre tider.I dagligspråket blir bautabrukt i overført betydning om mennesker som virkelig har betydd noe på sitt felt: Det har Janne. Egenskaper som drivende, sterk, stødig, standhaftig, ansvarsfull, omsorgsfull, snill, altruistisk, samarbeidende, søkende, lyttende, kritisk, gjennomslagskraftig kan alle tilskrives Janne, og summen var noe helt unikt.

• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2020). Reading skills among young Norwegian American heritage speakers in the early 1900s .
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Håkansson, Gisela Anne-Marie; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kessler, Jörg-U. (2019). Introduction (to Teachability and learnability). In Arntzen, Ragnar; Håkansson, Gisela Anne-Marie; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kessler, Jörg-U. (Ed.), Teachability and learnability across languages. Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research and Teaching. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027203120. p. 1–6. doi: DOI%2010.1075/palart.6. Show summary

  Teachability and Learnability across Languages addresses key issues in second, foreign and heritage language acquisition, as well as in language teaching. Focusing on a Processability Theory perspective, it brings together empirical studies of language acquisition, language teaching, and language assessment. For the first time, a research timeline for the role of instruction in language learning is presented, showing how the field of second language acquisition (SLA) research has developed over the last four decades since Pienemann’s work on learnability and syllabus construction over the 1980s. The book includes studies of child and adult second as well as foreign language acquisition research, covering a wide range of target languages including English, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. In addition, future extensions of PT are discussed. This volume is designed for advanced students in international programs of SLA and Applied Linguistics as well as for SLA researchers and second and foreign language teachers.

• Bousquette, Joshua; Eide, Kristin Melum; Hjelde, Arnstein & Putnam, Mike (2019). Competition at the left-edge: Left-dislocation vs. V2 in heritage varieties of Germanic.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Eide, Kristin Melum (2019). Intergenerational Transmission of Norwegian as a Heritage Language.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Bruk av korpus i studiet av språkendring i amerikanorsk .
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Individuell variasjon i et tospråklig samfunn: Inputdata og forklaringsmodell .
• Søfteland, Åshild; Putnam, Michael T. & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Variation in Infinitive Markers in American Norwegian.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (2019). "Vi lære te bruke skrivemaskin" – om infinitivsmerket i amerikanorsk.
• Søfteland, Åshild & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Pragmatiske markørar i amerikanorsk.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2018). Norwegian bilinguals in America and their language change: real, apparent, attrition?
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2018). Language change over a lifespan: Einar Haugen’s last living speaker.
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Modersmål er vort hjertesprog (…) sødt i liv og sødt i død, sødt i eftermælet! Litt om språk og språkbruk i Det norske Amerika i dag.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Real time change in a Minnesota-Norwegian dialect; 1980s–2010s.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Topikalisering og ulike typar V2 i Amerika-norsk.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Verbflytting i Amerika-norsk.
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Språkkonfefansen PALA 2015 i Halden. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Høgskolen i Østfolds årsmagasin 2015.
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Inntrykk fra prærien 2016 – om norsk språk blant etterkommere av innvandrere.
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). North American Norwegian.
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Larsson, Ida & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). A Challenging Test.
• Kühl, Karoline & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Borrowing of Connectors in Heritage North American Danish, Heritage North American Norwegian and Heritage Argentine Danish.
• Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Vocabulary skills among multilingual children.
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Kartlegging av lesing på andrespråket fra småskole- til mellomtrinn.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Tre typer V2 i Amerikanorsk.
• Barstad, Guri Ellen; Hjelde, Arnstein; Kvam, Sigmund; Parianou, Anastasia & Todd, John James Rea (2016). Making the case for an interdisciplinary approach to language and nation, Language and Nation. Crossroads and Connections. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 978-3-8309-3497-4. p. 9–12.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Intergenerational changes in Norwegian heritage language of the American Midwest.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Nynorsk in Norway and America - in the light of nation building.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Emilsen, Linda Evenstad (2016). From Old Norse to Middle Norwegian.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Emilsen, Linda Evenstad (2016). Nynorsk around 1900 / Nynorsk in America.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Amerika-norsk talespråkskorpus: Erfaringar og ønske.
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2016). Norwegian as a heritage language in America - the final stage.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Når norsk slipes mot engelsk: gammel og ny språkkontakt.
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Skole for språkforskere. [Internet]. https://www.hiof.no/om/aktuelt/aktuelle-saker/arkiv/2015/sko.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). «E jifta norsker»: Om strukturell forenkling i Amerika-norsk.
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). “De er itte fælt mye difference at all…” – om endringer og transfer i det norske språket på prærien.
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Larsson, Ida & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). How to uncover the grammatical competence of Scandinavian heritage speakers.
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2015). Heritage Language Acquisition and Attrition:Intergenerational Change among Norwegian Speakers in the Midwest.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Structural Reduction in Heritage Language: Simplification, Transfer, and/or Convergence.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). “Sprogspørsmaalet” on the prairie: Language planning and reforms in Norway and their impact on the Norwegian-American community.
• Kruse, Arne & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Linguistics and the Role of Language in Nation Building.
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Attrisjon på prærien.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Verbplassering i Amerika-norsk.
• Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Ekspressive og reseptive språkferdigheter hos tospråklige barn.
• Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Flerspråklig oppvekst og utdanning.
• Larsson, Ida; Hjelde, Arnstein & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2015). American Norwegian: Speakers and data.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Language change in real time, processability theory, language attrition.
• Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Hjelde, Arnstein & Arntzen, Ragnar (2014). Vokabularferdigheter hos tospråklige barn.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). The integration of English loanwords into America-Norwegian.
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). Strukturell reduksjon i arvespråk:forenkling eller konvergens?
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Arntzen, Ragnar (2014). PT, language acquisition and language attrition: Norwegian as L2 in Norway and as heritage language on the Prairie.
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Arntzen, Ragnar & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2014). Flerspråklige barns leseutvikling på et andrespråk.
• Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). Linguistic diversity in the classroom.
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). Studying the Norwegian Language in America: fieldwork in the past and present.
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2014). Språkendring og innvandring - hva kan lånordene fortelle?
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Arntzen, Ragnar (2014). Adam og Johan: Om språklæring og språktap.
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). Flerspråklige barn fra barnehage til skole.
• Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2013). Når flerspråklige barn blir alfabetisert på et andrespråk.
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2013). Sammenheng mellom vokabular og grammatisk kompleksitet i mellomspråksutvikling?
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2013). Topikalisering og V2 i Amerika-norsk.
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2013). Norwegian in America - a century of research on language contact and change.

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