Enrico Callegari

• Callegari, Enrico; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2022). The Effect of the NorGeP–NH on Quality of Life and Drug Prescriptions in Norwegian Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pharmacy. ISSN 2226-4787. 10(1). doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The effect of the Norwegian General Practice–Nursing Home (NorGeP–NH) criteria has never been tested on clinical outcomes in nursing home (NH) residents. We performed a cluster-randomized trial in Norwegian NHs and tested the effect of NorGeP–NH on QoL (primary outcome), medication prescriptions, and physical and mental health (secondary outcomes) for the enrolled residents; Methods: Fourteen NHs were randomized into intervention NHs (iNHs) and control NHs (cNHs). After baseline data collection, physicians performed NorGeP–NH on the enrolled residents. We assessed the difference between cNHs and iNHs in the change in primary outcome from baseline to 12 weeks and secondary outcomes from baseline to eight and 12 weeks by linear mixed models; Results: One hundred and eight residents (13 lost to follow-up) and 109 residents (nine lost to follow-up) were randomized to iNHs and cNHs, respectively. Difference in change in QoL at 12 weeks between cNHs and iNHs was not statistically significant (mean (95% CI)): −1.51 (−3.30; 0.28), p = 0.101). We found no significant change in drug prescriptions over time. Difference in depression scores between cNHs and iNHs was statistically significant after 12 weeks. Conclusions: Our intervention did not affect QoL or drug prescriptions, but reduced depression scores in the iNHs. NorGeP–NH may be a useful tool, but its effect on clinical outcomes may be scarce in NH residents. Further studies about the effectiveness of NorGeP–NH in other healthcare contexts and settings are recommended.

• Callegari, Enrico; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2021). Do prescription rates of psychotropic drugs change over three years from nursing home admission? BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. 21(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02437-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In this longitudinal study, we describe how psychotropic drugs (PTDs) are prescribed in nursing home (NH) patients from admission and over a 3-year period, to understand which clinical and environmental factors are associated with PTD prescription. Methods: We used data from the Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia - Nursing Home (REDIC-NH) study, examining physical and mental health, dementia, and PTD prescription during a 3-year period from admission to a NH. Data were collected every six months. At baseline, we included 696 participants from 47 Norwegian NHs. We presented prevalence, incidence, and deprescribing rates of PTD prescriptions for each assessment point. We calculated the odds of receiving PTDs and used a generalized linear mixed model to analyze the variables associated with a change in odds throughout the 3-year period. Results: PTD prescriptions were frequent throughout the 3-year period. Antidepressants had the highest prescription rates (28.4%-42.2%). Every PTD category had the highest incidence rate between admission and six months, and antipsychotics had the highest values (49.4%). Deprescribing rates were comparable between assessment points. The odds of antipsychotic prescriptions were lower for older people (OR = 0.96, 95%CI:0.92-0.99, p = 0.023). People with more severe dementia had lower odds of being prescribed sedatives/hypnotics (OR = 0.89, 95%CI:0.85-0.94, p < 0.001). Conclusions: PTDs, particularly antidepressants, are widely prescribed over time to NH patients. Older patients are less likely to receive antipsychotics. A higher severity of dementia decreases the odds of being prescribed sedatives/hypnotics. Close attention should be paid to PTD prescriptions during long-term NH stay to avoid prolonged and excessive treatment with these types of drugs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01920100 . Keywords: Geriatric pharmacotherapy; Nursing homes; Psychotropic drugs. © 2021. The Author(s).

• Callegari, Enrico; Benth, Jūratė Šaltytė; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2020). Does Psychotropic Drug Prescription Change in Nursing Home Patients the First 6 Months After Admission? . Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. ISSN 1525-8610. 22(1), p. 101–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.034. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To explore the course of psychotropic drug (PTD) prescription from admission (BL) to 6-month follow-up (6m) in Norwegian nursing homes (NHs). To examine how clinical variables, such as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), cognition, physical health, and NH characteristics at BL are associated with prescription rates at 6 months. Design: An observational longitudinal cohort study (data from the Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia-Nursing Home study) designed to examine the course of dementia, psychiatric and somatic diseases, and drug prescriptions in NH patients during the first 6 months after admission. Setting and participants: We included 696 patients at admission to 47 representative Norwegian NHs. Methods: Demographic and clinical characteristics at BL and 6m are presented. Dementia severity was assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating scale and the Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer's Disease scale. Final diagnosis was made by 2 of the authors (G.S. and S.B.) according to ICD-10 criteria. Prevalence, incidence, and persistence rates of PTD prescriptions for people with dementia are presented. Generalized mixed models were used to identify possible predictors for the course of PTD prescription from BL to 6m. Results: Prescription rates of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics increased in people with dementia from BL (67.5% received at least 1 PTD) to 6m (74.0% received at least 1 PTD). Younger age and higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory-affective subsyndrome score at BL were associated with higher odds of antidepressant prescription, whereas patients with higher comorbidity at BL had lower odds of receiving antidepressants, both at BL and 6m. Higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory-affective subsyndrome scores at BL were associated with higher odds of sedative and hypnotic prescription at both assessment points. Conclusions and implications: PTD prescription rates increase from BL to 6m. Medication appropriateness should be frequently evaluated after admission to optimize PTD prescriptions. Keywords: Psychotropic drugs; geriatric pharmacotherapy; nursing homes. Copyright © 2020 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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• Callegari, Enrico; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2022). Correction: Do prescription rates of psychotropic drugs change over three years from nursing home admission? (BMC Geriatrics, (2021), 21, 1, (496), 10.1186/s12877-021-02437-x). BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03486-6.

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